What is Neuroblastoma?
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that primarily affects infants and young children. It arises from neuroblasts, which are immature nerve cells typically found in the developing nervous system. This cancer most often develops in the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys, but it can also form in other areas of the abdomen, chest, and neck.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of neuroblastoma remains unclear; however, several genetic predispositions and mutations have been identified. Neuroblastoma is more common in children under the age of 5, with the majority of cases diagnosed before the age of 2. Family history may also play a role, although most cases occur sporadically without a known hereditary factor.
Symptoms
Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary widely depending on the tumor's location and stage. Common signs include abdominal pain, a noticeable mass, bone pain, and anemia. Some children may exhibit symptoms like vomiting, fatigue, or bulging eyes.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests, blood tests, and biopsy. Treatment varies based on the age of the child, stage of the disease, and tumor characteristics. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. Early detection and advances in treatment have improved outcomes for many children with neuroblastoma.