How the Body Metabolizes Alcohol
Alcohol metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, where it undergoes a series of biochemical processes. When consumed, alcohol (ethanol) is absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach and small intestine. The first step in alcohol metabolism is the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). This reaction produces some energy and is the primary pathway for alcohol degradation.
Acetaldehyde, which is a toxic compound, is then rapidly converted to acetate by the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Acetate is less harmful and can be further broken down into carbon dioxide and water, which the body can easily eliminate. It's worth noting that genetic variations affect the levels of ADH and ALDH enzymes, leading to differences in alcohol metabolism rates among individuals.
Additionally, a small percentage of alcohol is metabolized through the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), especially at higher alcohol concentrations. Factors such as age, sex, body composition, and overall health also play critical roles in how efficiently the body processes alcohol. Understanding this metabolism is crucial for recognizing alcohol's effects on health and nutrition.