How Does Diabetes Cause Neuropathy?
Diabetes, particularly when poorly controlled, can lead to a condition known as diabetic neuropathy. This is a type of nerve damage that occurs due to prolonged high blood sugar levels. The mechanisms through which diabetes induces neuropathy involve several interrelated factors.
1. High Blood Sugar Levels
Chronic hyperglycemia affects the nerves directly. Elevated glucose levels can cause biochemical changes, resulting in the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose within nerve cells, due to the action of the enzyme aldose reductase. This accumulation causes cellular osmotic and oxidative stress, damaging the nerves.
2. Inflammation
Diabetes can trigger inflammation in the body, contributing to nerve damage. The inflammatory response may disrupt processes that are vital for nerve health, leading to degeneration over time.
3. Vascular Damage
Diabetes can also cause damage to blood vessels. Reduced blood flow to the nerves, caused by atherosclerosis—a condition characterized by narrowed blood vessels—limits the supply of essential nutrients and oxygen, exacerbating neuropathic symptoms.
4. Genetic Factors
Certain genetic predispositions may also play a role in the susceptibility to diabetic neuropathy. Individuals with a family history of diabetes-related complications may experience higher risks.
In summary, diabetic neuropathy arises from a complex interplay of chronic hyperglycemia, inflammation, vascular damage, and genetic factors. Maintaining optimal blood glucose levels and monitoring neurological health are critical for preventing this debilitating condition.