How Atherosclerosis Interacts with Aging Processes
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous elements within arterial walls, leading to plaque formation. As individuals age, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases significantly, intertwining with various aging processes.
Firstly, aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction, which impairs the blood vessel's ability to regulate blood flow and maintain vascular homeostasis. This dysfunction initiates the atherosclerotic process by promoting inflammation and the recruitment of immune cells to the arterial wall.
Secondly, oxidative stress increases with age due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, damaging vascular tissues and enhancing lipid oxidation. This promotes plaque formation and destabilization, leading to cardiovascular events.
Furthermore, changes in lipid metabolism with age result in higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), contributing to atherosclerosis development. Chronic conditions often associated with aging, such as hypertension and diabetes, exacerbate these processes.
Lastly, the aging immune system loses its efficiency, leading to chronic, low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), which further promotes atherosclerotic progression. Understanding the interplay between atherosclerosis and aging is crucial for developing targeted interventions that can mitigate cardiovascular diseases in older adults.