How Does Atherosclerosis Develop?
Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaques in the arterial walls. This process begins with damage to the endothelium, the inner lining of blood vessels. Factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and high cholesterol levels contribute to this damage.
Once the endothelium is compromised, cholesterol and other substances start to accumulate in the arterial wall. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol plays a significant role in plaque formation. As LDL penetrates the damaged endothelium, it triggers an inflammatory response, attracting white blood cells to the site.
These white blood cells, particularly macrophages, attempt to digest the accumulated LDL cholesterol. However, when they become overloaded, they transform into foam cells, which are a hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. Over time, these foam cells accumulate and form fatty streaks along the arterial walls.
As plaques grow, they can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. This can lead to serious health issues such as coronary artery disease, stroke, or peripheral artery disease. In severe cases, plaques may rupture, leading to blood clot formation that can completely block the artery.
Preventive measures include managing risk factors through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and lifestyle changes to reduce stress and smoking. Early detection and management are crucial to mitigating the impact of atherosclerosis.