How is Lupus Diagnosed?
Lupus diagnosis is often challenging and involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. The healthcare provider typically begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination to assess symptoms. Common symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes, and fever.
Diagnostic Criteria
The diagnosis of lupus is guided by specific criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). Patients may be diagnosed if they meet at least four of the following criteria:
- Butterfly-shaped facial rash
- Discoid rash (circular, raised rash)
- Photosensitivity (skin reaction to sunlight)
- Oral or nasal ulcers
- Arthritis in two or more joints
- Serositis (inflammation of the lining around the lungs or heart)
- Renal disorder (kidney involvement)
- Neurological disorder (seizures or psychosis)
- Hematological disorders (anemia or low white blood cell counts)
- Immunological disorders (positive anti-dsDNA or anti-Sm antibodies)
- Positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
Laboratory Tests
Several laboratory tests can help confirm a lupus diagnosis, including:
- Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test: A positive result may suggest lupus.
- Anti-dsDNA and Anti-Sm Antibodies: Specific antibodies commonly present in lupus patients.
- Complement Levels: Tests to evaluate the immune system response.
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management and treatment of lupus, so individuals experiencing symptoms should seek medical advice.