What Causes Celiac Disease?
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, triggered by the ingestion of gluten—a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This condition arises when the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the small intestine, causing inflammation and damage.
Genetic Factors
People with celiac disease often have specific genetic markers, namely the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes. These genes are responsible for the immune response to gluten and are found in approximately 30-40% of the general population, but only a small percentage develop celiac disease.
Environmental Triggers
While genetics play a significant role, environmental factors also contribute to the onset of celiac disease. These may include infections, changes in gut microbiota, or the age at which gluten is introduced into the diet. Early introduction or excessive gluten intake in infancy has been suggested as potential risk factors.
Immune Response
Once gluten is ingested, it is broken down into peptides that can enter the bloodstream. In individuals with celiac disease, these peptides trigger an inappropriate immune response, leading to damage of the intestinal villi. Over time, this damage can result in malabsorption of nutrients and various gastrointestinal symptoms.
Conclusion
Ultimately, celiac disease is caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and an abnormal immune response to gluten, making it a complex condition that requires careful management through a strict gluten-free diet.