How do Earthquakes Occur?
Earthquakes are natural phenomena caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust. This release generates seismic waves that can be felt as shaking or vibrations on the surface. The process begins with tectonic plates, which are large sections of the Earth's lithosphere that gradually move over time due to convection currents in the mantle.
Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries of these tectonic plates, where they either collide, pull apart, or slide past each other. There are three main types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent, and transform. At convergent boundaries, plates push against each other, leading to intense pressure buildup. Divergent boundaries occur when plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust, often resulting in smaller earthquakes. Transform boundaries are characterized by plates sliding laterally, which can also generate significant seismic activity.
The moment a rock in the crust can no longer withstand the stress from these tectonic movements, it fractures, resulting in an earthquake. The point of origin, known as the focus, lies underground, while the point directly above it on the surface is termed the epicenter. The size and intensity of the earthquake depend on the amount of stored energy and the nature of the geological materials involved.
Seismologists use instruments called seismometers to detect and measure these vibrations. By analyzing the data gathered, they can determine the earthquake's magnitude and epicenter, providing critical information for safety and preparedness.