How Do Vaccines Work?
Vaccines function by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, without causing the disease itself. When a vaccine is introduced into the body, it typically contains a harmless component of the pathogen, like a protein or an inactivated/killed form of the germ. This component is known as an antigen.
Once administered, the immune system identifies this antigen as a threat and begins to produce specific antibodies. These antibodies are proteins that can neutralize or destroy the pathogen. Alongside antibody production, the immune system also creates memory cells that remember the specific antigen.
If the vaccinated individual is later exposed to the actual pathogen, the immune system can quickly recognize it thanks to the memory cells. This rapid response helps to eliminate the pathogen before it can cause significant harm, effectively preventing disease.
Overall, vaccines not only protect individuals who receive them but also help create herd immunity, protecting those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons. Vaccination has proven to be one of the most effective public health measures in preventing infectious diseases.